Chapter 3- Cells : The Living Units

 

Objectives: 

·        Understand that a human body cell can be generalized or specialized

·        Describe the major functions of the plasma membrane and types of transport

 

 

 

I.  Cell Diversity pg. 65  Figure 3.1

 

            Examples:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

            Structure of a generalized cell pg 65 Figure 3.2

 

II.  Plasma Membrane pg. 66-70

 

            A.  Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids

 

 

 

            B. 

Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity including membrane transport

 

 

            Fluid Mosiac Model  pg. 67-69

 

            A.  Double layer of lipids with imbedded proteins

 

 

 

 

            B.  Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids

 

                        –Glycolipids are lipids with bound carbohydrate

–Phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic bipoles

 

 

           

            Fluid Mosiac Model pg 67 Figure 3.3

 

           

 

 

            Passive Membrane Transport: Simple Diffusion pg 71

 

                        A.  Nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances

 

–

–Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer

–

–Examples:  Oxygen, carbon dioxide

 

 

 

            Passive Membrane Transport: Facilitated Diffusion pg 71

 

A.  Channel Mediated Diffusion-  Transport of charged particles (small ions) that are unable to pass through the lipid bilayer

 

 

                        B.  Carrier-mediated Diffusion-  Large lipid-insoluble molecules must

                        bind to a protein carrier to carry it through the channel

 

 

 

            Concentration gradient must be right –from high to low –no energy is

 used

           

Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane  pg 72  Figure 3.7

 

 

            Passive Membrane Transport:  Osmosis pg 72

 

A.  Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane

 

 

 

                        B.  Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

 

 

            Membrane permeablility; Explanation of Osmosis  pg. 73 Figure 3.8 a, b

 

            Passive Membrane Transport: Filtration pg 75

 

A.  The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure- (back pressure)

 

                        B.  Pressure gradient pushes solute form high pressure to low pressure

 

                        C.  Examples: Water, nutrients, gases through  capillary wall;

                        Kidney filtrate: not very selective-only large molecules held back

           

 

 

 

 

 

 

            Sodium Potassium Pump  pg 77

 

            A.  K+ must be 30 to 50 times higher inside the cell

 

 

            B.  Na+ must be 30 to 50 times higher outside the cell

 

            C.  This is against the concentration gradient

 

            D.  Energy (ATP) must be used to keep Na+ out and K+ in.

 

            F.  Three Na+ are moved out of the cell and two K+ are moved into the cell

 

            Sodium Potassium Pump pg 76 Figure 3.10  

           

            Secondary Active Transport pg 77

 

            A.  Uses energy (ATP) to move molecules across a cell membrane

 

            B.  Requires carrier proteins

 

            C.  Example : Sodium potassium pump that drive transport of other solutes

 

 

 

            Vesicular Transport

 

            A.  Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes;

                  ATP drives the transport

 

Exocytosis- moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space

 

                        Endocytosis- enables large prticle and macromolecules to enter the cell

                        (Phagocytosis)

 

            Exocytosis pg. 78 figure 3.12

 

 

            Passive Membrane Review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Process	Energy Source	Example
Simple diffusion	Kinetic energy
Facilitated diffusion	Kinetic energy
Osmosis	Kinetic energy
Filtration	Hydrostatic pressure

 

 

 

            Active Transport Review

Primary Active transport	ATP
Secondary Active Transport	ATP
Exocytosis	ATP
Endocytosis	ATP

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

III.  Cytoplasmic Organelles pg 84

 

Specialized cellular components

 

Mitochondiria

 

            Peroxisomes

           

            Lysosomes

 

            Endoplasmic Reticulum

 

            Golgi apparatus

 

            Cytoskeleton

 

            Centrioles

 

            Ribosomes

 

            Mitochondria-Powerhouse  pg 85-87

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

            Mitochondria- pg. 85 Figure 3.17

 

            Ribosomes- Protein Assembly Line

 

            A.

 

Endoplasmic Reticulum  pg. 86-87

 

            A. 

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

            Endoplasmic Reticulum- pg. 86 Figure 3.18

 

            Rough ER- Protein Factory pg 86

 

            A.

 

 

            B.

 

           

            Smooth ER- The Catalyzer pg 87

 

            A.

 

            B.

           

 

 

 

 

            Golgi Apparatus Traffic & Shipping Director  pg. 87-89

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

            D.

 

            E.

 

            Golgi Apparatus pg. 88 Figure 3.20

 

 

            Lysosomes  The Terminators pg. 89

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

            Peroxisome-  The Neutralizer pg. Pg 90

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

            Centrioles  pg 92

 

            A. 

 

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

            D.

 

Centrioloes  pg. 92 Figure 3.26

 

Cilia pg. 93-94

 

A.

 

B.

 

Cilia pg. 94 Figure 3.27 a,b,c

 

IV.  Nucleus pg 96-97

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

 

 

 

 

            Nucleus Pg. 96 Figure 3.28

 

            Nuclear Envelope pg 97

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

            C.

 

           

            Nuceloli  pg 97

 

            A.

 

            B.

 

            Chromatin pg 98

 

            A.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

V.  Cell Cycle  pg. 98-99

 

            Interphase-

 

 

            Mitotic Phase- 

 

 

DNA Replication- Part of Interphase

 

A.

 

B.

 

C.

 

DNA Replication  pg.100 Figure 3.31

 

Cell Division pg 101

 

A.

 

B.

 

Mitosis pg. 101

A. The phases of  mitosis are:

 

            Prophase

            Metaphase

            Anaphase

            Telophase

 

Prophase  pg 102

A.

 

B.

 

C.

 

D.

 

Metaphase  pg. 103

A.

 

B.

 

Anaphase pg 103

A.

 

B.

 

Telophase pg. 103

A.

 

B.

 

C.

 

D.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VI.  Protein Synthesis pg 104

A. Transcription

 

B. Translation

 

 

From DNA to Protein pg. 106 Figure 3.34

 

           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

            Roles of  the Three Types of RNA

 

            A.  Messenger RNA

 

 

            B.  Transfer RNA

 

 

 

 

            C.  Ribosomal RNA

 

 

            From DNA to Protein  pg 111 Figure 3.39

 

 

VII. Developmental Aspects of Cells pg.  111-113

 

            A.

 

 

 

 

            B.

 

 

 

            C.

 

            D.

 

            E.

 

            F.