Chapter 12  The Central Nervous System

 

Objectives:

Determine the major regions of the brain and their functions

Know vocabulary terms concerning the brain such as gyrus, sulcus, and basal nuclei

Explain the lateralization of cortical function

Discuss the protection of the CNS including the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Label meninges of the brain.

List several brain dysfunctions

Label the anatomy of the spinal cord and explain functions of each structure

 

 

 

I.  The Brain - Major Regions

 

            Cerebral Hemispheres

 

 

            Diencephalon

 

 

 

            Brain Stem

 

 

            Ventricles of the brain

 

 

 

 

II.  Terms

 

            Gyrus (gyri)

 

 

 

            Convolutions

 

 

                        Sulcus (sulci)

 

 

                        Fissures

 

 

            Gray Matter

 

 

            White Matter

 

 

 

            Basal nuclei

 

 

 

 

III.  Lateralization of the Cortical Function

 

            Lateralization

 

 

 

 

            Cross-over

 

 

 

 

            Cerebral Dominance

 

 

 

 

            Left Hemisphere

 

 

 

 

 

            Right Hemisphere

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

Frontal lobe

Primary motor

 

 

Pre-motor

 

Frontal eye field

 

 

Broca’s area

 

 

Pre-frontal cortex- associated with higher level thinking, personality, social skills, conscience

 

 

            Parietal Lobe

 

 

Primary somatosensory cortex

 

 

Somatosensory association cortex

 

 

Taste

 

 

Occipital Lobe

 

 

Vision

 

 

Temporal Lobe

Smell

 

Hearing

 

Insula Lobe

Balance

 

 

Visceral area

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Functions of the Cerebellum

 

            Causes smooth coordinated movements;

 

 

Occurs subconsciously

 

Functions of the Brain Stem

 

            Flight or Fight Response

 

            Autonomic behaviors necessary for survival such as:

 

 

            Coughing and Sneezing

 

 

Structures of the Diencephalon

1.  Thalamus

 

 

 

            2.  Hypothalamus

                        Autonomic Control center-

 

                        Center for Emotional Response-

 

                        Body Temperature Regulation-

 

                        Regulation of Food Intake

 

                        Regulation of Water Balance/Thirst

 

                        Sleep-Wake Cycles

 

                        Control of Endocrine Hormones

            3.  Epithalamus 

 pineal gland

 

choroids plexus

 

third ventricle

 

 

 

 

Protection of the Brain

 

            Bone

 

            Meninges- 3 connective tissues that lie over the CNS; they cover and protect the

                        CNS; they contain cerebrospinal fluid

 

                        1.  dura mater

 

 

                        2.  arachnoid mater

 

 

                       

 

                        3.  pia mater

 

                       

 

 

 

            Cerebrospinal fluid

 

                        Forms a watery solution similar to blood plasma

                       

                        Less blood protein and different ion concentrations than blood

 

                        Forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs

 

                        Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight

 

                        Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma

 

                        Nourishes the brains and carries nutrients throughout

 

 

 

Blood-brain barrier

 

 

 

           

 

 

 

 

 

 

Brain Dysfunctions

 

Disease	Description
Alzheimer's disease
Cerebral edema
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) also called strokes
Coma
Concussion
Contusion
Intracranial hemmorage
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Hydrocephalus in the newborn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Spinal Cord Anatomy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gray Matter-

 

            Anterior (Ventral) horns

 

            Posterior (Dorsal) horns

 

Central Canal

 

Column of white matter

 

            Ascending

 

            Descending

 

            Transverse

 

Dorsal Root

 

 

Ventral Root

 

 

Dorsal Root Ganglion

 

 

Spinal Nerve