Organ System                   Functions

Organs

Integumentary        forms the external body covering,

                               protects deeper tissues, synthesizes  

                               Vit D; site of pain, pressure receptors

                                And sweat and oil glands

Hair, Skin, Nails

Skeletal                   Protects and supports body organs;

                                Framework for muscles to cause

                                movement, blood cells formed in 

                                bone; stores minerals

Bones, Joints

Muscular                 Causes movement, facial expression

                                Maintains posture, produces heat

Muscles

Nervous                   control system; reacts to internal

                                 and external stimuli; activates

                                 muscles and glands

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

Endocrine                 glands secrete hormones that

                                  regulate processes such as growth,

                                   reproduction and nutrient use

                                  (metabolism) by body cells

Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis

Cardiovascular           blood vessels transport blood,

                                  oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,

                                  wastes, etc; the heart pumps blood         

Heart, Blood Vessels

Lymphatic/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked form blood

                                    vessels and returns it to blood;

                                   disposes of debris in lymphatic

                                  stream, houses white blood cells

                                  (lymphocytes).  The immune

                                  system mounts attack against

                                   foreign substances in body

Red Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Thoracic duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes

Respiratory               Keeps blood supplies with oxygen,

                                  Removes carbon dioxide, the gas

                                 exchange occur through air sacs of

                                 lungs

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lung, Bronchus

Digestive          Breaks down food into absorbable units

                         that enter the blood for distribution to

                         body cells;  indigestible foodstuffs are

                          removed as feces.

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Urinary                    Removes nitrogenous wastes from

                                body, regulates water, electrolyte

                               and acid-base balance

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Reproductive       Overall function is to produce

                            offspring.  Testes produce sperm and

male hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones; remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus.

Males: Penis, Testis, Scrotum, Prostrate Gland, Ductus deferens

Females: Mammary Glands,

Ovary, Uterine tube, Uterus, Vagina

Directional Terms

Definition

Example

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head-above

Head is superior to abdomen

Inferior (caudal)

Away from head-below

Navel is inferior to chin

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front, in front of

Breastbone is anterior to spine

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward back, behind

Heart is posterior to breastbone

Medial

Toward midline, on inner side

The heart is medial to arm

Lateral

Away from midline-on outside

Arms are lateral to chest

Intermediate

Between medial and lateral

Collarbone is intermediate between breastbone and shoulder

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment of limb

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment of the limb

The wrist is distal to the elbow

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the surface of the body

The skin is superficial to the muscles

Deep (Internal)

Away from the body surface, more internal

The lung are deep to the skin

Medical Imagery

Definition or Function

Example

X-Ray

Computed Tomography

(CT Scans or CAT Scans)

Digital Subtraction Angioplasty (DSA)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scans)

Sonograph or Ultrasound

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Life Requirements                                   Definitions

Interdependence

Maintaining Boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretions

Reproduction

Growth

Survival Needs                                            Explanation

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Temperature

Atmospheric Pressure

Control Mechanisms of Homeostasis

Explanation

Receptor

Control Center

Effector